In the depths of Vanguard Cave, Gibraltar, archaeologists have uncovered a remarkable structure used by Neanderthals to produce birch tar, a crucial adhesive for crafting tools and weapons. Dating back approximately 60,000 years, the discovery reveals a high level of ingenuity: the oven features channels and walls specifically designed to regulate the heat required for distilling birch bark. Experiments replicating the process confirm that Neanderthals had a sophisticated understanding of fire chemistry and the production of complex materials. This finding challenges the long-standing underestimation of their technological capabilities, suggesting they could plan and execute intricate operations. Such tasks were likely carried out within tribal settlements, possibly involving group collaboration. This level of complexity implies the use of a structured language to describe and coordinate the production process—a language that may even have been used to teach these skills to younger generations. Birch tar, known for its strong adhesive and durable properties, was essential for attaching stone blades to wooden handles, creating axes and hammers used to work wood, bone, and stone. The mastery of this material highlights its critical role in Neanderthal survival. This discovery adds to the growing evidence of Neanderthals' cultural and technological sophistication, showcasing their ability to innovate far beyond what was once thought possible.
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